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Official statement

To migrate from a subfolder to a subdomain, using a permanent 301 redirect or a canonical link are both valid approaches. Temporarily maintaining both versions with a canonical link is acceptable but increases crawl activity.
🎥 Source video

Extracted from a Google Search Central video

💬 EN 📅 09/01/2022 ✂ 17 statements
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Other statements from this video 16
  1. Le crawl budget est-il vraiment négligeable pour votre site ?
  2. Faut-il publier plus souvent pour être crawlé plus régulièrement par Google ?
  3. Faut-il vraiment s'inquiéter de la duplication de contenu interne ?
  4. Le contenu récent bénéficie-t-il vraiment d'un boost de ranking automatique ?
  5. Le hreflang fonctionne-t-il vraiment page par page et non pour tout un site ?
  6. Comment Google mesure-t-il réellement la Page Experience dans son algorithme ?
  7. Chrome et Analytics influencent-ils vraiment le classement Google ?
  8. Le hreflang modifie-t-il vraiment le ranking ou se contente-t-il de permuter les URLs ?
  9. Top Stories sans AMP : faut-il encore optimiser la vitesse de vos pages ?
  10. Search Console compte-t-elle vraiment toutes vos impressions SEO ?
  11. Les URLs découvertes en JavaScript gaspillent-elles vraiment votre crawl budget ?
  12. Le nofollow empêche-t-il vraiment l'indexation d'une page ?
  13. Pourquoi Google refuse-t-il d'indexer certaines pages de votre site ?
  14. Faut-il supprimer les pages à faible trafic pour améliorer son SEO ?
  15. Les erreurs de balisage breadcrumb entraînent-elles une pénalité Google ?
  16. Le contenu unique booste-t-il vraiment le ranking global d'un site ?
📅
Official statement from (4 years ago)
TL;DR

John Mueller confirms that both 301 redirects and canonical links are valid approaches for migrating from a subfolder to a subdomain. It is possible to temporarily maintain both versions in parallel with a canonical link, but Google will crawl more to manage this temporary duplication.

What you need to understand

Why does Google validate two such different methods? <\/h3>

The 301 redirect <\/strong> and the canonical link <\/strong> do not play in the same category. The 301 removes the old URL from the circuit — the server directs the direct visitor to the new address. The canonical, on the other hand, keeps both versions accessible but signals to Google which one to consider as the reference. <\/p>

This flexibility can be explained by the diversity of migration contexts. Some sites need to switch instantly for technical or political reasons. Others prefer a gradual transition, temporarily maintaining the old structure to validate that everything works on the new domain side. <\/p>

What actually happens with each method? <\/h3>

With a permanent 301 <\/strong>, Googlebot follows the redirect, indexes the new URL, and gradually deindexes the old one. Ranking signals (backlinks, authority) are transferred to the target. It’s clear and surgical. <\/p>

With a canonical <\/strong>, both URLs remain crawlable but Google focuses its efforts on the canonical version. The old URL may remain cached for a while, and some backlinks continue to point to it. The transfer of signals works, but the process is slower and less predictable. <\/p>

Why does the crawl increase with canonical? <\/h3>

Because Google has to manage two URLs instead of one <\/strong>. Even if the bot understands that the old version is duplicated, it continues to periodically check both addresses for potential changes. <\/p>

On a large site with thousands of migrated pages, this overhead can saturate your crawl budget <\/strong>. Important new pages may be crawled less frequently because Googlebot is wasting time checking for duplicates. <\/p>

  • The permanent 301 <\/strong> removes the old URL from the crawl circuit <\/li>
  • The canonical <\/strong> keeps two accessible versions, doubling Google's workload <\/li>
  • The canonical approach is temporarily acceptable but consumes more crawl resources <\/li>
  • Both methods transfer ranking signals to the new URL <\/li><\/ul>

SEO Expert opinion

Is this statement consistent with observed practices? <\/h3>

On paper, yes. In real-world practice, it's more nuanced <\/strong>. I have observed migrations with canonicals that lingered for months before Google properly consolidated the signals. The 301, on the other hand, compels immediate action: within 2-4 weeks, the bulk of the transfer is done. <\/p>

Mueller's discourse remains vague on a crucial point: how long <\/strong> should this transitional phase with canonical be maintained? He says “temporarily,” but what does that mean concretely — one week, one month, three months? [To be verified] <\/strong> based on the size of the site and its usual crawl frequency. <\/p>

In what cases is the canonical truly relevant? <\/h3>

Let’s be honest: in very few scenarios <\/strong>. The canonical makes sense if you absolutely need to keep the old structure accessible for business reasons — maintenance of hard-coded old internal links, legacy systems that break with a 301, or an A/B testing phase on a fraction of the traffic. <\/p>

But for a true, sustainable migration from subfolder to subdomain, the 301 remains the cleanest approach <\/strong>. Why? Because it avoids ambiguities, reduces crawl load, and forces all stakeholders (your team, your analytics tools, your partners) to make a definitive switch. <\/p>

What are the risks of extending the canonical strategy? <\/h3>

The main danger: dilution of signals <\/strong>. If Google continues to see two versions long after the migration, some external backlinks may remain anchored to the old URL. You are fragmenting your authority between two addresses instead of concentrating it. <\/p>

Warning: <\/strong> Some CMS or server configurations may generate self-referential canonicals that conflict with your inter-domain canonical. The result: Google receives conflicting signals and may completely ignore your directive. <\/div>

Another trap: if you forget to switch to 301 after the transitional phase, you end up with a shaky architecture that persists indefinitely. I have seen sites maintain “temporary” canonicals for years because no one set a clear deadline. <\/p>

Practical impact and recommendations

What should you do concretely for a migration? <\/h3>

If your migration is final — which is the case for 90% of subfolder to subdomain scenarios — opt for the permanent 301 <\/strong>. Set it up at the server level (Apache, Nginx, Cloudflare Workers) to avoid any unnecessary latency. <\/p>

If you still opt for the transitional phase with a canonical, set a strict deadline <\/strong>. For example: maintain both versions for 2 weeks to validate metrics, then switch to 301. And keep a close eye on your Search Console to catch any signals of confusion. <\/p>

What mistakes should you absolutely avoid? <\/h3>

Never mix 301 and canonical on the same URLs. Either one, or the other. If you redirect a page in 301 and then add a canonical on the target, you create a chain of signals <\/strong> that Google will have to untangle — and it can interpret that in any way. <\/p>

Another classic mistake: forgetting to update your internal linking <\/strong> and your XML sitemap. Even with a well-configured 301, if your internal links still point to the old structure, you are wasting crawl budget on unnecessary redirects. <\/p>

  • Prioritize 301 redirects <\/strong> for any final migration <\/li>
  • If you use canonical, define a maximum duration <\/strong> (e.g., 2-4 weeks) <\/li>
  • Never combine 301 and canonical on the same URLs <\/li>
  • Update the internal linking <\/strong> and sitemap on day one <\/li>
  • Monitor Search Console for 4xx errors, redirect chains, ignored canonicals <\/li>
  • Check that your main backlinks are properly following the new URL (outreach if needed) <\/li><\/ul>

    How can you check that the migration is well managed? <\/h3>

    Three indicators to monitor in the first 4 weeks <\/strong>: (1) the indexing rate of new URLs in Search Console, (2) the gradual disappearance of old URLs from Google’s index (query site:olddomain.com/folder/), (3) the stability or rebound of your positions on strategic queries. <\/p>

    If you notice stagnation — old URLs still indexed after 3-4 weeks with 301 in place — that’s a sign of a structural problem. Check your server configuration files, any lingering canonical tags, and the consistency of your sitemap. <\/p>

    A migration from subfolder to subdomain requires rigor and anticipation. Even if Google validates multiple approaches, the permanent 301 remains the most reliable to avoid signal dilution and crawl overload. <\/p>

    These technical decisions — method choice, sequencing, post-migration monitoring — can quickly become complex on high-traffic sites. If you are unsure about the optimal strategy or lack internal resources to manage each step, engaging a specialized SEO agency will help you avoid costly mistakes and loss of visibility during the transition. <\/p><\/div>

❓ Frequently Asked Questions

Peut-on utiliser une 302 au lieu d'une 301 pour une migration ?
Non, la 302 est une redirection temporaire qui ne transfère pas les signaux de ranking. Google continuera d'indexer l'ancienne URL et ne consolidera pas l'autorité vers la nouvelle.
Combien de temps Google met-il à transférer les signaux avec une 301 ?
En général, 2 à 4 semaines pour que la majorité des signaux soient consolidés, mais cela dépend de la fréquence de crawl du site et du volume de pages migrées.
Le canonical fonctionne-t-il entre domaines différents ?
Oui, le canonical cross-domain est supporté par Google. Mais il est moins fiable qu'une 301 car certains bots ou outils tiers peuvent l'ignorer.
Faut-il garder l'ancien domaine actif indéfiniment avec des 301 ?
Idéalement oui, au moins 1 an pour laisser à Google et aux backlinks le temps de basculer. Certains sites maintiennent les 301 plusieurs années si l'ancien domaine reste référencé.
Que se passe-t-il si je supprime une 301 après quelques mois ?
Les anciennes URLs renverront une erreur 404, et les backlinks externes qui pointaient dessus perdront leur valeur. Vous perdez aussi toute autorité non encore transférée.

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